Abstract
Compartmentalization by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has emerged as a unifying theme in biology and as a mechanism for organizing biomolecules in space and time. LLPS can provide a pathway for cells to rapidly respond to changes in their environment. Under biologically relevant conditions, LLPS likely proceeds through nucleation-and-growth and the rate at which phase separated compartments can form is determined by the nucleation barrier. To characterize the nature of the energetic barrier to nucleation, we have combined equilibrium techniques that define the phase boundaries of a prototypical prion-like domain and the size distribution of clusters below the nucleation barrier with rapid mixing time-resolved small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS).
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