Kinetic and Equilibrium Binding Analysis of Protein−Ligand Interactions at Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer Monolayers

Abstract

The interaction of streptavidin (SA) with a biotinylated surface has been of great interest in the development of an interfacial layer for protein immobilization based on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and polymeric layers. Here, we demonstrate the unique characteristics of protein-ligand interactions on dendrimer monolayers based on kinetic and equilibrium binding analyses. With amine-ended poly(amidoamine) dendrimers from the first (G1) to fourth (G4) generation, the formation of even, compact dendrimer monolayers on gold was confirmed using FT-IR spectroscopy and ellipsometry. For the SA-biotin interaction, quantitative analysis of bound SA using surface plasmon resonance showed that the saturation binding level of SA was fairly higher in all dendrimer layers when compared to other tested systems of 11-mercaptoundecylamine SAMs and a poly(L-lysine) layer. Kinetic studies revealed that the initial binding rate of SA up to the saturation level was 2-fold higher in all dendrimer layers than in the SAMs regardless of the surface density of functionalized biotin. Concurrently, the dendrimer layers led to much higher values of sticking probability, which is defined as the probability that the SA molecule adsorbs upon collision with a biotinylated surface, at a fixed SA coverage, and prolonged the significant levels around the maximum probability with increasing SA coverage. Plots of the saturation coverage of SA versus the SA concentration in solution showed that SA binding onto the biotinylated G1 and G3 layers fit to a Langmuir isotherm model. Taken together, faster binding of SA and highly ordered packing of the molecules seems to be achieved through typical properties of the dendrimer monolayers such as surface distribution of functionalized biotin, surface corrugation, and flexibility of highly branched larger dendrimers, which provides a guideline for the construction and analysis of an interfacial layer in biosensing applications.