Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a crystalline ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$ optical whispering gallery mode resonator characterized by the quality factor $Qg2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}$ at $\ensuremath{\lambda}=1.319\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. We also report the demonstration of ultrahigh-$Q$ resonators of lithium niobate and lithium tantalate $(Qg2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8})$, and sapphire $(Qg{10}^{9})$. We discuss fundamental limits of the $Q$ factor, and application of such resonators for measurement of ultrasmall optical losses in various materials. We further analyze the observation of thermo-optical instability in whispering gallery modes of crystalline resonators.
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