Abstract
All the HTS applications require cryogenic cooling. The operating temperatures from 4 K to 77 K depend on the maximum magnetic field within the HTS component and HTS material property. The operating temperature of HTS insert coils for > 20 T NMR magnets is 4.2 K or lower, which are cooled with liquid helium (LHe). 3T RnBCO MRI magnets, BSCCO motors or generators may operate at 27.1 K cooled with liquid Neon (LNe). MgB2 SMES (superconducting magnetic energy storage) magnets with the maximum field <; 3 T can be cooled with 20.3 K liquid hydrogen (LH2). The HTS coils for transformers and saturate-iron type FCL (fault current limiters) operate at 65 to 77 K cooled with liquid nitrogen (LN2), and the maximum field in the coils is around 1 T. HTS cables and resistive type FCL operate at low field, and cooled with 65-77K LN2.
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