Abstract
BackgroundMaize seedlings are constantly exposed to inorganic phosphate (Pi)-limited environments. To understand how maize cope with low Pi (LP) and high Pi (HP) conditions, physiological and global proteomic analysis of QXN233 genotype were performed under the long-term Pi starvation and supplementation.MethodsWe investigated the physiological response of QXN233 genotype to LP and HP conditions and detected the changes in ion fluxes by non-invasive micro-test technology and gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. QXN233 was further assessed using vermiculite assay, and then proteins were isolated and identified by nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.ResultsA negative relationship was observed between Na+ and Pi, and Na+ efflux was enhanced under HP condition. Furthermore, a total of 681 and 1374 were identified in the leaves and roots, respectively, which were mostly involved in metabolism, ion transport, and stress response. Importantly, several key Pi transporters were identified for breeding potential. Several ion transporters demonstrated an elaborate interplay between Pi and other ions, together contributing to the growth of QXN233 seedlings.ConclusionThe results from this study provide insights into the response of maize seedlings to long-term Pi exposure.
Highlights
Maize seedlings are constantly exposed to inorganic phosphate (Pi)-limited environments
The lowest root/shoot ratio was found in QXN233 under high Pi (HP) condition (Fig. 2b, right), indicating that shoot growth was promoted by sufficient Pi application
Compared with HP condition, we found that the majority of different expressed proteins (DEPs) involved in metabolism, photosynthesis, and ATP metabolism were highly expressed in QXN233 leaves under low Pi (LP) stress, suggesting that Pi deficiency has important effects on these aspects
Summary
Maize seedlings are constantly exposed to inorganic phosphate (Pi)-limited environments. To understand how maize cope with low Pi (LP) and high Pi (HP) conditions, physiological and global proteomic analysis of QXN233 genotype were performed under the long-term Pi starvation and supplementation. Approximately 50% of global agricultural soils suffers from inorganic phosphate (Pi) deficiency [3, 4]. Plants use various strategies to adapt to low-Pi (LP) stress, including using free Pi from vacuolar storages [7], deriving organic P from the breakdown of phospholipids, redistributing Pi from old to young tissues, modifying of the root system to increase Pi uptake, obtaining Pi from arbuscular mycorrhizal association [8], and secreting of organic acids and phosphatases to release available Pi from the soil [9,10,11]. It has been known that various proteins with Pi transport activity include PHT (phosphate receptor) proteins (involved in Pi uptake from soil and Pi translocation) and the SPX (SYG1, Pho and XPR1) domain phosphate transporters [14,15,16,17,18], such as
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