Key Factors for Improving the Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of PAH Inhalation Exposure by Monte Carlo Simulation.

Ning Qin,Ayibota Tuerxunbieke,Dongqun Xu,Xiaoli Duan,Shu Tao,Qin Wang,Rong Hou,Xiangyu Xu,Xing Chen,Yunwei Liu

doi:10.3390/ijerph182111106

Abstract

Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is a computational technique widely used in exposure and risk assessment. However, the result of traditional health risk assessment based on the MCS method has always been questioned due to the uncertainty introduced in parameter estimation and the difficulty in result validation. Herein, data from a large-scale investigation of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure was used to explore the key factors for improving the MCS method. Research participants were selected using a statistical sampling method in a typical PAH polluted city. Atmospheric PAH concentrations from 25 sampling sites in the area were detected by GC-MS and exposure parameters of participants were collected by field measurement. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of participants was calculated based on the measured data and considered to be the actual carcinogenic risk of the population. Predicted risks were evaluated by traditional assessment method based on MCS and three improved models including concentration-adjusted, age-stratified, and correlated-parameter-adjusted Monte Carlo methods. The goodness of fit of the models was evaluated quantitatively by comparing with the actual risk. The results showed that the average risk derived by traditional and age-stratified Monte Carlo simulation was 2.6 times higher, and the standard deviation was 3.7 times higher than the actual values. In contrast, the predicted risks of concentration- and correlated-parameter-adjusted models were in good agreement with the actual ILCR. The results of the comparison suggested that accurate simulation of exposure concentration and adjustment of correlated parameters could greatly improve the MCS. The research also reveals that the social factors related to exposure and potential relationship between variables are important issues affecting risk assessment, which require full consideration in assessment and further study in future research.

Highlights

The carcinogenic risk of 2740 participants was assessed based on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and parameters measured
The result indicated there was a big gap between the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) predicted by traditional and age-stratified Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and the actual ILCR, and the age-stratification method did not improve the accuracy of prediction in this study
Risk assessment has become an area of public concern

Summary

Introduction

Health risk is defined as the likelihood of an adverse effect in the population due to exposure to a contaminant. Accurate assessment of the health risk is of great significance for the determination of adverse effects and disease prevention. Is a computational technique used in the health risk assessment (HRA) [1,2,3]. Probabilistic risk estimation based on MCS allows considerably greater accuracy in describing the variables’ uncertainty and improves the understanding of contaminants’ environmental behaviors [4,5]. It makes the assessment more informative to risk managers [6,7]. MCS is widely used in the risk estimation of multimedia exposure

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