Abstract
Climate change and urbanization have resulted in several societal challenges for urban areas. Nature-based solutions (NBS) have been positioned as solutions for enhancing urban resilience in the face of these challenges. However, the body of conceptual and practical knowledge regarding NBS remains fragmented. This study addresses this gap by means of a systematic review of the literature, to define NBS as a theoretical concept; its broader significance with respect to societal challenges; the key stakeholders in NBS planning, implementation and management; and major barriers to and enablers of NBS uptake. The results of this review reveal that, despite a lack of consensus about the definition of NBS, there is a shared understanding that the NBS concept encompasses human and ecological benefits beyond the core objective of ecosystem conservation, restoration or enhancement. Significant barriers to and enablers of NBS are discussed, along with a proposed strategic planning framework for successful uptake of NBS.
Highlights
Climate change already significantly affects urban ecosystems [1] and this impact is expected to increase in the future [2]
nature-based solutions (NBS) arenew and are not; this increases the risk thatdefined the concept misused addition, understanding regarding what NBS are and are not; this increases the risk that the concept is misused questions can be raised regarding the necessity of the concept, its added values in comparison to
NBS are increasingly recognized as a promising means to address a number of societal challenges arising from climate change and urbanization, with multiple social, environmental and economic co-benefits
Summary
Climate change already significantly affects urban ecosystems [1] and this impact is expected to increase in the future [2]. In addition to climate change, rapid urbanization has accelerated the degradation of urban ecosystems via increases in the size and density of built areas, consumption of natural resources, and habitat loss [3,4]. The results of our review, outlined the previous section, provides an understanding of the their state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the in uptake of NBS. Addition, we identified the key actors in the NBS development process We identified the key actors in the NBS development process. Considering these different findings, we are going to propose a (preliminary) NBS strategic planning framework. In describing the various elements of this framework, we will identify a number of areas where more research the various elements of this framework, we will identify a number of areas where more research is needed
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