Keeping track of AID

Abstract

A DNA-mutating enzyme that fine-tunes B cell antibody specificity can become a dangerous liability if its activity is mistimed, misplaced, or left unchecked. Crouch et al. (page 1145) have now designed a mouse model to track the enzyme's activity in B cells during development and immunity. The model can now be used to determine how the enzyme's destructive force is controlled. Figure 1 Permanently marking B cells that have AID activity with YFP (green) shows that AID is turned on upon B cell activation. The enzyme in question is AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase), which converts cytidines to uracils. AID activity within activated B cells allows them to better recognize a pathogen by creating mutations in the variable regions of their immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. AID-assisted recombination within Ig constant regions also allows B cells to generate different types of antibodies. Mismatch repair mechanisms then splice out the mutations, reseal the new ends, and thereby create new sequence variants at the Ig loci. But this AID clean-up machinery is itself error-prone and increases the likelihood of further mutations that make the animal vulnerable to diseases such as cancer. To monitor the expression of AID in vivo, the team designed transgenic mice that express a fluorescent protein upon AID activation that then permanently marks all AID-expressing cells and their progeny. AID, the team found, was not expressed by developing B cells. It was first switched on in activated B cells that were beginning to proliferate in germinal centers (GC)—the hub of the B cell immune response. The switch seems to be controlled by a short DNA sequence immediately downstream of the AID gene. This sequence had more histone acetylation (which marks transcriptionally active regions) in activated B cells. Deleting the sequence almost completely abolished AID expression. AID expression was down-regulated as B cells differentiated into either memory cells or antibody-producing plasma cells and began to leave the GC. The exact mechanism that shuts off AID in exiting B cells remains to be worked out. Using this model to resolve this mechanism and understand how AID regulatory mechanisms get derailed in B cell cancers is the team's next step.