Abstract
Caveolae are small Ω-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane that play important roles in mechanosensing, lipid homeostasis and signaling. Their typical morphology is characterized by a membrane funnel connecting a spherical bulb to the membrane. Membrane funnels (commonly known as necks and pores) are frequently observed as transient states during fusion and fission of membrane vesicles in cells. However, caveolae display atypical dynamics where the membrane funnel can be stabilized over an extended period of time, resulting in cell surface constrained caveolae. In addition, caveolae are also known to undergo flattening as well as short-range cycles of fission and fusion with the membrane, requiring that the membrane funnel closes or opens up, respectively. This mini-review considers the transition between these different states and highlights the role of the protein and lipid components that have been identified to control the balance between surface association and release of caveolae.
Highlights
Caveolae are characteristic small (50–80 nm) invaginations of the plasma membrane enriched in cholesterol, sphingolipids, the integral membrane proteins caveolin1–3 (CAV1–3) and peripherally attached proteins such as cavins, EH-domain containing protein 2 (EHD2) and pacsin2 (Figure 1) [1]
clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) are initiated by the binding of the adaptor-protein complex 2 to cargo receptors at the cell surface
The final stage of CCV-formation involves enrichment of Bin-amphiphysinRvs167 (BAR) domain-containing proteins, transition of lipid species, actin polymerization and assembly of dynamin, which leads to fission of the CCV from the cell surface
Summary
Keeping in touch with the membrane; protein- and lipid-mediated confinement of caveolae to the cell surface. Caveolae are small Ω-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane that play important roles in mechanosensing, lipid homeostasis and signaling Their typical morphology is characterized by a membrane funnel connecting a spherical bulb to the membrane. Caveolae are known to undergo flattening as well as short-range cycles of fission and fusion with the membrane, requiring that the membrane funnel closes or opens up, respectively. This mini-review considers the transition between these different states and highlights the role of the protein and lipid components that have been identified to control the balance between surface association and release of caveolae
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