Abstract
The first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol came to an end in 2012 and more developing countries began to participate in the new phase of world carbon emission reduction. Kazakhstan is an important energy export country and a pivot of the "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI). Despite its emissions are relatively small compared with huge emitters such as China and the US, Kazakhstan also faces great pressure in terms of CO2 emission reduction and green development. Accurately accounting CO2 emissions in Kazakhstan from both production and consumption perspectives is the first step for further emissions control actions. This paper constructs production-based CO2 emission inventories for Kazakhstan from 2012 to 2016, and then further analyses the demand-driven emissions within the domestic market and international trade (exports and imports) using environmentally extended input-output analysis. The production-based inventory includes 43 energy products and 30 sectors to provide detailed data for CO2 emissions in Kazakhstan. The consumption-based accounting results showed that certain sectors like construction drive more emissions and that the fuel consumption in different sectors varies. Furthermore, Russia and China are major consumers of Kazakhstan's energy and associated emissions, with the construction sector playing the most important role in it. The results suggested that both technology and policy actions should be taken into account to reduce CO2 emissions and that the BRI is also a good chance for Kazakhstan to develop a "Green Economy".
Highlights
The threat of global climate change is one of the greatest challenges worldwide (Patz et al, 2014; Kyoto Protocol, 1997; Contribution of wor, 2014)
In Equation (1), CEij refers to the accounting results of carbon emissions, which are from the combustion of fuel i in sector j, and CE is the total result of all sectors and fuel products; ADij stands for the amounts of fuels combusted by fuel i in sector j, and defines as activity data; NCVi is net calorific value of fuel i, representing the amount of heat released during the combustion; CCi means the carbon content of fossil fuel i, referring to carbon emissions per unit of fuel consumed; Oi is the oxygenation efficiency during combustion (Shan et al, 2016, 2018a, 2018b; Kennedy et al, 2010)
4.8–5.9 billion tons of proven reserves on land and 8 billion tons in the Caspian Sea area rank Kazakhstan seventh in the world and second in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Summary
The threat of global climate change is one of the greatest challenges worldwide (Patz et al, 2014; Kyoto Protocol, 1997; Contribution of wor, 2014). From the Kyoto Protocol, the world began to realize the importance of controlling greenhouse gas emissions. After the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (1997–2012), the world began to seek a more effective way to promote carbon mitigation. The Paris Agreement emphasizes the emission reduction obligations of developed and developing country groups, as being different but important (Falkner, 2016). This responsibility-sharing system indicates that emerging economies are getting involved in the global emission reduction process. The exploration of emission reduction in Kazakhstan is of great significance and the approval of the Paris Agreement is a milestone for this fossil energy-intensive country (Kerimray et al, 2018a).
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