Abstract
The karyological variation and cytogeography of theOrychophragmusviolaceuscomplex from 15 locations across China has been studied to elucidate the evolutionary relationships amongst several chromosomal cytotypes. The results show that chromosomal variation within the complex is larger than previously thought, with three base numbers being identified: x=10 (Orychophragmusdiffuses), 11 (Orychophragmushupehensis) and 12 (OrychophragmustaibaiensisandOrychophragmus violaceus). For the first time, a tetraploid population ofO.taibaiensisbased on x=12 has been found. Two base numbers x=10 and x=12 may represent the ancestral condition of theO. violaceuscomplex. A progressive increase in chromosome number, decrease in intra‐chromosomal asymmetry, and appearance of tetraploidy is shown to be some of the most significant karyological changes associated with an increase in altitude of habitat. It is hypothesized that a center of differentiation is situated between the upper to mid Chang Jiang River and the Qin Mountain, where several biogeographic events involving recent evolutionary radiation have taken place.
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