Abstract
Chromosomal data are valuable and very useful for revealing evolution and speciation processes. Due to its wide distribution throughout the world, morphological differences, and chromosomal alterations, Erodium L?Hér. is an important genus for investigating the relationship between chromosomal alterations and karyotype evolution. In the present study, the chromosome records of 15 taxa are provided; three are reported here for the first time (E.birandianum, E. gaillardotii, and E.hendrikii), seven present new chromosome numbers, and five are in agreement with previous reports. Karyotype evolution is summarized in the light of this data, and four different genomes are presented in the genus. Millions of years ago the ancestral karyotype was x = 9 in Asia (Genome I). Then, karyotypes x = 8 (Genome II) and x = 10 (Genome III) were shaped through dysploidy in Anatolia and Asia. They were distributed in the Mediterranean Basin through the Anatolian land bridge and in North and South America via the Bering land bridge and the North Atlantic land bridge. Finally, a high proportion of polyploidization was observed in secondary centers, especially the Mediterranean Basin and Australia (Genome IV).
Highlights
Chromosomal data support the characteristics determining karyotype evolution and karyotypic relationships
The results indicated the three basic chromosome numbers with two main lineages, polyploidy, and rare dysploidy (Fiz et al, 2006)
Exsicates were deposited at the herbarium of the Department of Biological Sciences at Middle East Technical University (METU) in Ankara, and live plants were kept in the Plant Systematics and Phylogenetics Research Laboratory at Uşak University
Summary
Chromosomal data support the characteristics determining karyotype evolution and karyotypic relationships. The primary characteristics of karyotype are basic chromosome number (x), diploid chromosome number (2n), and chromosome length These characteristics could be modified numerically through polyploidy and aneuploidy, as well as through structural rearrangements including translocations (which could modify the chromosome number through dysploidy), deletions, and inversions. All of these events generate intraspecific and interspecific variability of karyotypes, alter chromosome morphology, mainly by changing the centromere position, and affect all karyotype asymmetry indexes as mean centromeric asymmetry (MCA) and coefficient of variation of chromosome length (CVCL) (Schubert, 2007; Guerra, 2008; Schubert and Lysak, 2011; Guerra, 2012; Şirin et al, 2019).
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