Abstract
Ginseng has long been considered a valuable plant owing to its medicinal properties; however, genomic information based on chromosome characterization and physical mapping of cytogenetic markers has been very limited. Dual-color FISH karyotype and DAPI banding analyses of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, 1843 were conducted using 5S and 45S rDNA probes. The somatic chromosome complement was 2n=48 with lengths from 3.3 μm to 6.3 μm. The karyotype was composed of 12 metacentric, 9 submetacentric, and 3 subtelocentric pairs. The 5S rDNA probe localized to the intercalary region of the short arm of pair 11, while the 45S rDNA was located at the secondary constriction of the subtelocentric satellited chromosome 14. DAPI bands were clearly observed for most chromosomes, with various signal intensities and chromosomal distributions that consequently improved chromosome identification. As a result, all 24 chromosomes could be distinguished and numbers were assigned to each chromosome for the first time. The results presented here will be useful for the on-going ginseng genome sequencing and further molecular-cytogenetic studies and breeding programs of ginseng.
Highlights
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer, 1843) is highly valued owing to its medicinal properties (Zhang et al 2011), and the ginsenosides found in the plant contribute greatly to its pharmacological value (Court 2000, Leung and Wong 2010, Yuan et al 2010)
One pair of satellited chromosomes was observed, and the only locus of 45S rDNA in the genome was localized at the secondary constriction of this subtelocentric chromosome (Figs 2, 3 and Table 2)
One locus of 5S rDNA signal was detected at the intercalary region of the short arm of chromosome 11
Summary
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer, 1843) is highly valued owing to its medicinal properties (Zhang et al 2011), and the ginsenosides found in the plant contribute greatly to its pharmacological value (Court 2000, Leung and Wong 2010, Yuan et al 2010). Along with 15–17 other species, ginseng belongs to the genus Panax in the family Araliaceae (Ho and Leung 2002, Yi et al 2004). This genus is only one of the approximately 120 genera of angiosperms with a disjunct distribution pattern between eastern North America and eastern Asia (Wen and Zimmer 1996). Most of the species of Panax are geographically distributed in eastern Asia, but two (P. trifolius Linnaeus, 1753 and P. quinquefolius Linnaeus, 1753) are isolated in eastern North America (Ho and Leung 2002). More research is needed to fully understand their phylogenetic relationship
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