Karst groundwater vulnerability assessment: application of an integrative index-based approach to main catchments of middle Valseriana springs (Northern Italy)

Andrea Citrini,Corrado A S Camera,Giovanni Pietro Beretta,Francesca Alborghetti

doi:10.1007/s12665-021-09860-8

Abstract

The study aim was to assess the intrinsic vulnerability of the middle Valseriana (northern Italy) through a methodology that could fully consider the peculiar characteristics of the Pre-Alps region. After applying classical methods for karst environments (COP and EPIK), the integrative COPA+K method was developed for the Nossana (dominant drainage system) and Ponte del Costone (dispersive circulation system) spring catchments. The COPA+K approach exploits the potential of the COP method with the addition of two factors: the influence of the main discontinuities on the water system according to their distance from the spring (A factor), and the development of the karst network (K factor). The COP and COPA+K maps were validated based on the characteristic correlation, for the study area, between the values of δ18O and the elevation of recharge areas. Compared to COP, the COPA+K results appeared more stringent in the identification of areas characterized by high vulnerability, which passed from 35.6% to 23.6% of the entire study area. COPA+K also made possible to better differentiate the behavior of the two catchments. In terms of high susceptible areas, their percentage difference increased by 12.3%, correctly emphasizing the greater susceptibility of the Nossana drainage system in comparison with the Ponte del Costone dispersive one. For the COPA+K map, in the Nossana catchment, the δ18O values indicated a good agreement between the mean elevation of high vulnerable and water recharge areas (± 106 m). For Ponte del Costone, the isotopic data indicated a possible mixing with the waters of the Serio River.

Highlights

Karst environments and karst aquifers are widely known for their vulnerability to pollution
Compared to COP, the COPA+K results appeared more stringent in the identification of areas characterized by high vulnerability, which passed from 35.6% to 23.6% of the entire study area
In terms of high susceptible areas, their percentage difference increased by 12.3%, correctly emphasizing the greater susceptibility of the Nossana drainage system in comparison with the Ponte del Costone dispersive one

Summary

Introduction

Karst environments and karst aquifers are widely known for their vulnerability to pollution. The causes of this high predisposition to pollution can be found in the nature and characteristics of these environments: They are mainly characterized by significant lateral extension, shallow soils, and highly effective recharge points such as sinkholes, sinking streams, and polje (Zwahlen et al 2003). The vulnerability of aquifers identifies the propensity of groundwater systems to be impacted by anthropogenic contaminants from the surface (or subsurface). This concept implies that the natural environment and geologic context may yield some degree of protection to groundwater with respect to human impacts (Vrba and Zaporozec 1994). The third is specific vulnerability, which is instead referred to a particular contaminant (or group of contaminants) and is a function of the properties of the contaminant that characterize its behavior underground

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Results

Conclusion