Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus LANA Protein Downregulates Nuclear Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Activity and Consequently Blocks Differentiation

Abstract

The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) protein interacts with glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) and relocalizes GSK-3 in a manner that leads to stabilization of beta-catenin and upregulation of beta-catenin-responsive cell genes. The LANA-GSK-3 interaction was further examined to determine whether there were additional downstream consequences. In the present study, the nuclear GSK-3 bound to LANA in transfected cells and in BCBL1 primary effusion lymphoma cells was found to be enriched for the inactive serine 9-phosphorylated form of GSK-3. The mechanism of inactivation of nuclear GSK-3 involved LANA recruitment of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and the ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (RSK1). ERK1/2 and RSK1 coprecipitated with LANA, and LANA was a substrate for ERK1 in vitro. A model is proposed for the overall inactivation of nuclear GSK-3 that incorporates the previously described GSK-3 phosphorylation of LANA itself. Functional inactivation of nuclear GSK-3 was demonstrated by the ability of LANA to limit phosphorylation of the known GSK-3 substrates C/EBPbeta and C/EBPalpha. The effect of LANA-mediated ablation of C/EBP phosphorylation on differentiation was modeled in the well-characterized 3T3L1 adipogenesis system. LANA-expressing 3T3L1 cells were impaired in their ability to undergo differentiation and adipogenesis. C/EBPbeta induction followed the same time course as that seen in vector-transduced cells, but there was delayed and reduced induction of C/EBPbeta transcriptional targets in LANA-expressing cells. We conclude that LANA inactivates nuclear GSK-3 and modifies the function of proteins that are GSK-3 substrates. In the case of C/EBPs, this translates into LANA-mediated inhibition of differentiation.