Abstract
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) (also known as human herpesvirus 8) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma and B cell primary effusion lymphomas. KSHV encodes a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that acts as an oncogene and constitutively activates two protein kinases, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. It also induces the production of vascular endothelial growth factor. These processes are believed to be important in KSHV-GPCR-related oncogenesis. We have characterized the signaling pathways mediated by KSHV-GPCR in a reconstituted 293T cell model in which the related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase (RAFTK) was ectopically expressed. RAFTK has been shown to play an important role in growth factor signaling in endothelium and in B cell antigen receptor signaling in B lymphocytes. KSHV-GPCR induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of RAFTK. Expression of wild-type RAFTK enhanced GPCR-mediated JNK/SAPK activation, whereas dominant-negative mutant constructs of RAFTK, such as K457A (which lacks kinase activity) and Y402F (a Src-binding mutant), inhibited KSHV-GPCR-mediated activation of JNK/SAPK. RAFTK also mediated the KSHV-GPCR-induced activation of Lyn, a Src family kinase. However, RAFTK did not mediate the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase induced by KSHV-GPCR. Human interferon gamma-inducible protein-10, which is known to inhibit KSHV-GPCR activity, was found to reduce RAFTK phosphorylation and JNK/SAPK activation. These results suggest that in cells expressing RAFTK/proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2, such as endothelial and B cells, RAFTK can act to enhance KSHV-GPCR-mediated downstream signaling to transcriptional regulators such as JNK/SAPK.
Highlights
§ The first two authors contributed to this work. ʈ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Division of Experimental Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Institutes of Medicine-Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115. 1 The abbreviations used are: KS, Kaposi’s sarcoma; KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), KS
Human interferon ␥-inducible protein-10, which is known to inhibit KSHV-G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activity, was found to reduce related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase (RAFTK) phosphorylation and Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) activation. These results suggest that in cells expressing RAFTK/proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2, such as endothelial and B cells, RAFTK can act to enhance KSHV-GPCR-mediated downstream signaling to transcriptional regulators such as JNK/SAPK
It was demonstrated that KSHVGPCR activated both JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPK in a 293T cell model [22]
Summary
§ The first two authors contributed to this work. ʈ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Division of Experimental Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Institutes of Medicine-Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115. 1 The abbreviations used are: KS, Kaposi’s sarcoma; KSHV, KS-. We have characterized the signaling pathways mediated by KSHV-GPCR in a reconstituted 293T cell model in which the related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase (RAFTK) was ectopically expressed. RAFTK mediated the KSHV-GPCR-induced activation of Lyn, a Src family kinase.
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