Kagome network with vertex coupling of a preferred orientation

Abstract

We investigate spectral properties of periodic quantum graphs in the form of a kagome or a triangular lattice in the situation when the condition matching the wave functions at lattice vertices is chosen of a particular form violating the time-reversal invariance. The positive spectrum consists of an infinite number of bands, some of which may be flat; the negative one has at most three and two bands, respectively. The kagome lattice example shows that even in graphs with such an uncommon vertex coupling, spectral universality may hold: if its edges are incommensurate, the probability that a randomly chosen positive number is contained in the spectrum is ≈0.639.