Abstract
The study aimed to assess the aldose reductase (AR) inhibition of selected Geranium species and determine the bioactive flavonoid constituents. Flavonoids are known to be good AR inhibitors. Among the species examined, G. sibiricum exhibited potent inhibition of AR (IC50 value, 2.4 µg/mL). Further examination of G. sibiricum, after solvent extraction and fractionation, revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 value, 0.41 µg/mL) had a potent AR inhibitory effect. Kaempferol rhamnosides were the active compounds from this fraction. Moreover, G. sibiricum showed the highest content of kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol-3,7-O-dirhamnoside among the samples examined with a concentration in the extracts of 28.1 and 2.2 mg/g, respectively. This study shows that G. sibiricum exhibits promising AR inhibitory activity, which can be explored further as a natural therapy for treating and managing complications associated with diabetes.
Highlights
The polyol pathway is involved in glucose to fructose conversion via the formation of sorbitol as an intermediate [1]
The results revealed that among the Geranium species examined, the extracts of G. sibiricum exhibited potent aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory efficacy (IC50 value, 2.4 μg/mL) (Table 3)
Geranium species have revealed are abundant in phenolic constituents, including catechins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins
Summary
The polyol pathway is involved in glucose to fructose conversion via the formation of sorbitol as an intermediate [1]. Among the different types of natural products, polyphenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, are the most widely reported to possess notable inhibitory activity against AR [7,8,9,10]. Other compounds, such as capsaicin [11], pyrogallol [12], and bromophenol [13], have shown good AR inhibition. The genus Geranium is composed of herbaceous plants taxonomically classified under the Geraniaceae family, comprising 420 species distributed all over the world and mainly present in Southern Africa [14]. Quantitative analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
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