Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most appalling cancers with a pessimistic prognosis. Despite many therapies, there has been no improvement of survival rates. In this study, we assessed the anti-cancer effects of kaempferol, a well known flavonoid having functional bio-activity against various malignant tumors. Kaempferol had anti-cancer effects on Miapaca-2, Panc-1, and SNU-213 human pancreatic cancer cells. In a dose-dependent manner, kaempferol decreased viability of these pancreatic cancer cells by increasing apoptosis. In particular, kaempferol effectively inhibited the migratory activity of human pancreatic cancer cells at relatively low dosages without any toxicity. The anti-cancer effect of kaempferol was mediated by inhibition of EGFR related Src, ERK1/2, and AKT pathways. These results collectively indicate that kaempferol, a phytochemical ingredient reported to have anti-viability and anti-oxidant properties, can act as a safety anti-migration reagent in human pancreatic cancer cells, which provide the rationale for further investigation of kaempferol as a strong candidate for the potential clinical trial of malignant pancreatic cancers.
Highlights
We determined that the migratory activity of human pancreatic cancer cells was significantly inhibited even at relatively low dosages of kaempferol treatment
We certified that kaempferol effectively inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth through the apoptosis in vitro in a dose-dependent manner
We selected 24 targets of the kaempferol using the TCMSP database, and ascertained that anti-cancer effects of kaempferol treatment in pancreatic cancer cells were caused by the blockade of Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) related Src, AKT, ERK1/2 signaling pathway
Summary
The 5-year survival rate of patients with pancreatic cancer is below 1% [1]. One of the major features of pancreatic cancer is the early propagation and progression of local tumors. These features cause serious complications in patients with pancreatic cancer. The metastatic tendency of tumor cells is a major obstacle in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Researchers have not been to elucidate how malignant pancreatic cancer cells migrate from a primary tumor site to a distant organ [3]. Extensive studies must be conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms responsible for these characteristics and develop additional strategies to improve the treatment outcomes in patients with pancreatic cancer
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