Juvenile hormone is a marker of the onset of reproductive canalization in lubber grasshoppers

Abstract

To meet the challenge of unpredictable environments, many animals are initially developmentally flexible (plastic) but then may become inflexible (canalized) at major developmental events. The control of reproductive output can undergo a switch from flexible to inflexible (Moehrlin, G.S., Juliano, S.A., 1998. Plasticity of insect reproduction: testing models of flexible and fixed development in response to different growth rates. Oecologia 115, 492–500), and juvenile hormone (JH) may control this switch. By manipulating food availability, we tested the hypothesis that JH is involved in the reproductive canalization that appears during oogenesis in lubber grasshoppers. We used four food treatments: (1) high (H); (2) high switched to low (HL); (3) low switched to high (LH); and (4) low (L). We collected hemolymph samples approximately every 4 days and measured the ages at which maximum JH level (JH max) and oviposition occurred. Diet significantly affected both age at JH max and age at oviposition. In contrast, diet had no significant effect on the time from JH max to oviposition nor on the maximum JH level observed. Our data demonstrate that, after JH max is reached, the time to oviposition in our grasshoppers was unresponsive to food availability. Hence, reproductive timing appears to be canalized after the JH max. This is the first demonstration in a phytophagous insect that a particular factor (in this case, JH) can be used to mark the switch from reproductive plasticity to reproductive canalization.