Justice in Funding Adaptation under the International Climate Change Regime

Abstract

Acknowledgments.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Justice and climate change.- 1.2 Aims of the book.- 1.3 Outline of the book.- 2 Adaptation to climate change.- 2.1 The prominent role of mitigation.- 2.2 Integrating mitigation and adaptation.- 2.3 The importance of adaptation.- 2.4 The notion of adaptation.- 2.5 Vulnerability.- 2.6 Adaptive capacity.- 2.7 Adaptation in practice.- 3 The ethical bases of international adaptation funding.- 3.1 From justice to theories of justice.- 3.2 The scope of distributive justice.- 3.3 The international span of justice.- 3.4 The state's responsibility in the liberal perspective.- 3.5 The sate's social vulnerability in the liberal perspective.- 3.6 Other justifications of the statist perspective.- 3.7 The extension of liberal theories of justice to adaptation funding.- 4 The framework of justice.- 4.1 Fair process involving all relevant parties.- 4.2 Responsibility for climate impacts as an ethical basis for raising funds.- 4.3 Social vulnerability to climate impacts as an ethical reference for allocating funds.- 4.4 Liberalism and the environment.- 4.5 Fair adaptation funding: inclusion, specification and commitment.- 4.6 Sharing the burden of adaptation: differentiated historical responsibility.- 4.7 Allocating raised adaptation funds: lack of human security.- 5 The international institutions and instruments governing adaptation funding.- 5.1 Funding adaptation: rationale.- 5.2 Funding adaptation: options.- 5.3 Funding adaptation in the Convention and Kyoto Protocol.- 5.4 The GEF.- 5.5 The sources of funding.- 5.6 Problems and challenges of adaptation funding under the UNFCCC regime.- 5.7 Funding adaptation outside the UNFCCC regime: significant practices.- 6 Evaluation of procedural justice in international adaptation funding.- 6.1 Principal documents: Convention and Kyoto Protocol.- 6.2 Other principal documents.- 6.3 Governance structures, procedures and practices.- 6.4 UNFCCC Institutions.- 6.5 The GEF.- 6.6 The importance ofthe Adaptation Fund and its governance structure.- 6.7 Observation of meetings on the (governance of the) AF: failure (SBI 24) and success (SBI 25, COP/MOP 2).- 7 Evaluation of distributive justice, analysis of fairness and equity criteria and of the role of justice in international adaptation funding.- 7.1 Principal documents: Convention and Kyoto Protocol.- 7.2 Other principal documents.- 7.3 Observation of meetings on the (governance of the) AF: failure (SBI 24) and success (SBI 25, COP/MOP 2).- 7.4 Fairness and equity criteria in documents.- 7.5 Fairness criteria in governance systems.- 7.6 Fairness and equity criteria in formal Adaptation Fund meetings.- 7.7 Some final considerations on justice in international adaptation funding.- 8 Further application of the framework of justice and concluding remarks.- 8.1 Evaluation of post-Kyoto adaptation funding proposals.- 8.2 Conventional funding: budgetary contributions.- 8.3 Unconventional funding: contributions raised through market-based instruments, taxes, and levies.- 8.4 Hybrid Contributions: conventional and unconventional funding.- 8.5 Some final reflections on justice in the post-Kyoto architectures.- 8.6 Main contributions of the book.- 8.7 Policy ideas.- Appendices.- Appendix I - List of Non-Principal documents.- Appendix II - Analysis of documents (procedural justice).- Appendix III - Analysis of documents (distributive justice).- Glossary.- Index.