JunD Regulates Transcription of the Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 and Interleukin-6 Genes in Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells

David E Smart,Karen J Vincent,Michael J.P Arthur,Oliver Eickelberg,Marc Castellazzi,Jelena Mann,Derek A Mann

doi:10.1074/jbc.m101840200

Abstract

Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to a myofibroblast-like phenotype is the pivotal event in hepatic wound healing and fibrosis. Rat HSCs activated in vitro express JunD, Fra2, and FosB as the predominant AP-1 DNA-binding proteins, and all three associate with an AP-1 sequence that is essential for activity of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) promoter. In this study, we used expression vectors for wild-type, dominant-negative, and forced homodimeric (Jun/eb1 chimeric factors) forms of JunD and other Fos and Jun proteins to determine the requirement for JunD in the transcriptional regulation of the TIMP-1 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) genes. JunD activity was required for TIMP-1 gene promoter activity, whereas overexpression of Fra2 or FosB caused a repression of promoter activity. The ability of homodimeric JunD/eb1 to elevate TIMP-1 promoter activity supports a role for JunD homodimers as the major AP-1-dependent transactivators of the TIMP-1 gene. IL-6 promoter activity was induced upon activation of HSCs and also required JunD activity; however, expression of JunD/eb1 homodimers resulted in transcriptional repression. Mutagenesis of the IL-6 promoter showed that an AP-1 DNA-binding site previously reported to be an activator of transcription in fibroblasts functions as a suppressor of promoter activity in HSCs. We conclude that JunD activates IL-6 gene transcription as a heterodimer and operates at an alternative DNA-binding site in the promoter. The relevance of these findings to events occurring in the injured liver was addressed by showing that AP-1 DNA-binding complexes are induced during HSC activation and contain JunD as the predominant Jun family protein. JunD is therefore an important transcriptional regulator of genes responsive to Jun homo- and heterodimers in activated HSCs.

Highlights

Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to a myofibroblast-like phenotype is the pivotal event in hepatic wound healing and fibrosis
Overexpression of JunD in activated rat HSCs resulted in a 2.5-fold enhancement of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) promoter activity that was reproducible in replicate experiments (Fig. 1A)
We determined if the endogenous JunD activity expressed in activated rat HSCs is required for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 gene transcription

Summary

Introduction

Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to a myofibroblast-like phenotype is the pivotal event in hepatic wound healing and fibrosis. Investigators including ourselves have previously demonstrated that basal and cytokine/ growth factor-inducible transcription of these genes is dependent on interaction of specific AP-1 and NF-␬B (Rel) protein dimers with their putative promoter-binding sites (4 – 6) These observations indicate that these inducible transcription factors are likely to play a key role in the activation and/or persistence of myofibroblast-like HSCs. Recent studies have identified target genes of NF-␬B (IL-6 and ICAM-1) and have indicated that NF-␬B may protect activated HSCs against apoptosis [5, 6, 8]. Western blot and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) studies revealed that JunD is the predominant Jun family protein expressed in culture-activated rat HSCs, with little or no detectable expression of c-Jun and JunB after the first 48 h of culture This observation indicated a role for JunD in the transcriptional activation of TIMP-1, and in other AP-1-dependent regulatory processes of activated HSCs

Methods

Results

Conclusion