Abstract
torque on the gleno-humeral joint in any shoulder at any degree of elevation on the scapular plane. Conclusion(s): The maximum (2.94 Nm) adduction torque on the glenohumeral joint set in this study is a value equivalent to the abduction torque which supports the whole upper limbs at a 30◦ angle with no applied load. During elevation in the scapular plane of −10 to 30◦, the tensile force on the supraspinatus tendon which balances the adduction torque applied to the joint increased. A large moment arm of the supraspinatus tendon on the humeral head at −10 to 0◦ elevation reduces tensile force of the supraspinatus tendon, on the other hand, decreased moment arm of the supraspinatus tendon during elevation of 10 to 30◦ increased the tensile force. Moreover, adaptation of the supraspinatus tendon by upward force of the humeral head during −0 to 0◦ elevation might increase the strain of the superficial fibers. Implications: The surface layer of the supraspinatus tendon is more elongated during elevation from−10 to 0◦, but at 10◦ or more of scapular plane elevation there was no elongation. It is appears that care must be taken isometric elevation at −10 or 0◦ as the possibility of tear in the surface layer of rotator cuff due to increased strain on the tendon.
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