Abstract
The collaboration between renewable energy (RE) and an electric vehicles battery switch station (BSS) is a win-win strategy for both. In order to effectively coordinate and manage RE and BSS belonging to different investors, a new cooperative operation mode considering a multi-stakeholder scenario is proposed. By analyzing the relationship of cooperation and competition between them, their pursuit of maximizing their own interests is modeled as a Stackelberg game model. As the leader, the RE company determines the charge/discharge prices to guide the demand response of BSS. As the follower, the BSS optimizes its charge/discharge strategy according to the prices to maximize its own profits. The proposed model no longer requires that the RE company and BSS belong to a same interest subject, and there is no need for unified coordinated control between them. To solve the game equilibrium, a solution combining the backward-induction method and genetic algorithm is proposed by comparing and analyzing the characteristics of the strong and weak Stackelberg equilibriums. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model was validated by case studies. The simulation results show that both the RE company and the BSS have the motivation to participate in the game, and that a win-win outcome can be achieved automatically in the process of pursuing their own interest maximization in the game.
Highlights
With the rapid development of renewable energy (RE), its uncontrollability and volatility have caused a series of problems to the grid [1,2,3,4]
The results showed that the collaborative operation pattern can promote the local absorption of the RE, and help to reduce the peak and valley difference of power load in the power system
Since they are independent stakeholders, we model the strategy-decision problem of the RE company and battery switch station (BSS) respectively
Summary
With the rapid development of renewable energy (RE), its uncontrollability and volatility have caused a series of problems to the grid [1,2,3,4]. By adjusting the charging and discharging power of the BSS in coordination with the RE, the load fluctuation and network loss is reduced effectively, and the planning penetration of the RE is improved as well These studies need the grid company as a coordinating body to coordinate and control a variety of dispatchable resources. An energy exchange model of the PV-based BSS was proposed considering the battery swapping service and power distribution in [16]. In a deregulated electricity market, the RE and BSS in a multi-stakeholder scenario are market signal-oriented and only pay attention to their own interests Their generation and consumption are highly subjective, and it is challenging to coordinate and manage them effectively. (1) Aiming at the situation that RE and BSS belong to different investment subjects, a cooperation mode is proposed.
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