Joint drawings as a tool for observing couple relationships: Development of the, Couples’ Closeness-Distance Scale (CCDS)

Abstract

This study describes the development of the Couples Closeness Distance Scale (CCDS) a quantitative tool for evaluation of joint drawing tasks informed by attachment theory concepts of closeness and distance and art therapy-based phenomenological theory. The scale development process was based on the observer version of the Therapeutic-Distance-Scale (TDS-O). Fourteen romantically involved couples drew together on a shared sheet of paper twice, and then took part in a joint interview. Pictorial phenomena that may indicate issues of distance and closeness were identified by a five-member analysis team, and then added to the TDS items. During the process, adjustments were made in the wording of some of the TDS items for the purpose of the current scale. In the process of formulating the items, the ICC was calculated, and certain items were redefined for suitability and accuracy. The final version of the CCDS includes four dimensions: Too Distant (ICC0.91–0.96), Too Close (ICC0.66–0.92), Autonomy (ICC0.70–0.81), and Engagement- Appropriate Closeness (ICC0.75–0.97). The use of the scale is demonstrated by means of three examples. Potential uses and limitations of the scale are presented in the discussion section.