Abstract
Participation in interpersonal competitions, such as fencing or Japanese martial arts, requires players to make instantaneous decisions and execute appropriate motor behaviors in response to various situations. Such actions can be understood as complex phenomena emerging from simple principles. We examined the intentional switching dynamics associated with continuous movement during interpersonal competition in terms of their emergence from a simple syntax. Linear functions on return maps identified two attractors as well as the transitions between them. The effects of skill differences were evident in the second- and third-order state-transition diagrams for these two attractors. Our results suggest that abrupt switching between attractors is related to the diverse continuous movements resulting from quick responses to sudden changes in the environment. This abrupt-switching-quick-response behavior is characterized by a joint action syntax. The resulting hybrid dynamical system is composed of a higher module with discrete dynamics and a lower module with continuous dynamics. Our results suggest that intelligent human behavior and robust autonomy in real-life scenarios are based on this hybrid dynamical system, which connects interpersonal coordination and competition.
Highlights
Nonlinear dynamics has revealed that complex phenomena, from chemical reactions to the neural networks in the brain, emerge from simple principles
prefrontal cortex (PFC) mapping can be described by the Hidden Markov Model (HMM), which holds that switches between states proceed according to conditional probabilities [10]
Human intentional dynamics and decision making have been modeled by neuropercolation based on the graph theory [12], which is a generalization of cellular automata [13,14] (i.e., PFC activity is considered to be a discrete dynamical system)
Summary
Nonlinear dynamics has revealed that complex phenomena, from chemical reactions to the neural networks in the brain, emerge from simple principles. All goal-directed behaviors are learned and depend on a cognitive system that can grasp the rules of a game, the goals available, and the means used to achieve these goals To this end, PFC activity exerts a top-down influence by providing excitation signals to bias other brain systems towards task-relevant information. The HakenKelso-Bunz (HKB) model [15] was derived from the theory of nonlinear oscillators and synergetics [2,16,17], which was based on the observation of phase transitions for two-finger experiments [18,19] These experiments have shown the abrupt change from one stable state to another for critical values as the movement frequency gradually increases. We first attempted to extend stereotypical ‘‘action syntax’’ to adaptive ‘‘joint action syntax’’ during complex interpersonal competition characterized by quick decision making and rapidly executed actions
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