Abstract
When acting jointly with others, adults can be as proficient as when acting individually. However, how young children coordinate their actions with another person and how their action coordination develops during early childhood is not well understood. By means of a sequential button-pressing game, which could be played jointly or individually, the action coordination of 2½- and 3-year-old children was examined. Performance accuracy and variability of response timing were taken as indicators of coordination ability. Results showed substantial improvement in joint action coordination between the age of 2½ and 3, but both age groups performed equally well when acting individually. Interestingly, 3-year-olds performed equally well in the joint and the individual condition, whereas 2½-year-olds did not yet show this adult-like pattern as indicated by less accurate performance in the joint action. The findings suggest that in contrast to 3-year-olds, 2½-year-olds still have difficulties in establishing well-coordinated joint action with an adult partner. Possible underlying cognitive abilities such as action planning and action control are discussed.
Highlights
Joint actions are a part of everyday life
In the current study we examined the development of joint action coordination in early childhood
Preliminary tests for order effects were conducted by including the order of conditions as a withinparticipants factor in each mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Summary
The success of a joint action is highly dependent on the ability to coordinate our own actions with those of our action partner (Sebanz et al, 2006). To establish a smooth joint action coordination with another person we need to monitor our action partner’s contribution to the common action and flexibly incorporate the other’s actions into our own action plan (Sebanz et al, 2003; Tsai et al, 2006, 2008). Coordinating actions with another person introduces additional demands compared to individual actions. In the current study we examined the development of joint action coordination in early childhood. Coordination of actions was investigated when children were acting either individually or together with a joint action partner
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