Abstract
Crystalline silicic acids (“hydrated crystalline silica”) are now available in a variety of different modifications. The acidity of the surface silanol groups can vary widely. Besides acids of low acidity (pKA about 6) there are acids of high acidity of and the surfactants on the silicate surfaces. Figure 19 presents some models for the orientation of cationic surfactants which may be considered as characteristic orientations on silicate surfaces in general.
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