Abstract
Abstract The latter part of the eleventh century saw the occurrence of two major struggles, one dealing with the Catholic Church in Europe and one with the Byzantine Empire. In Europe, the pope was trying to beat back a challenge by the Holy Roman Emperor as to which would reign supreme in both European politics and religion. Although officially protector of the church, the Holy Roman Emperor at times assumed the role of dictator, attempting to name the pope as well as lower-ranking officials in the Catholic Church hierarchy. Thus, the pope was looking for something to increase his prestige in the eyes of European nobility. In the Byzantine Empire, the Seljuk Turks, who had been gradually consolidating their power through the Middle East, scored a major victory over theweakening Byzantines at the battleof Manzikert in 1071.
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