Abstract
Species composition, population densities and size of jellyfish and ctenophores were recorded during 5 cruises in the heavily eutrophicated Limfjorden in 2014. No or very few ctenophores (Pleurobrachia pileus) and jellyfish (Aurelia aurita, Cyanea lamarckii) were recorded in April and June 2014, whereas in August and September numerous small individuals of the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi were found on all 4 locations studied, which were strongly reduced in population density during November. M. leidyi exerted a notable predation impact, most pronounced in Logstor Bredning and Skive Fjord in August when the estimated half-lives of zooplankton were 4.8 and 7.3 d, respectively, and in late September, when the half-life in Skive Fjord was only 2.2 d. Severe oxygen depletion in Logstor Bredning and Skive Fjord between June and September resulted in a release of nutrients. This was followed by a bloom of the dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans and a subsequent peak in the abundance of copepods which decreased rapidly after the introduction of M. leidyi into Limfjorden from the North Sea (between early April and mid- July) to become virtually absent during the rest of the season. This subsequently resulted in starvation and decay of the M. leidyi population. The small predatory ctenophore Beroe gracilis was recorded on most locations during August and September 2014 but although B. gracilis eats small M. leidyi, their low number suggested a negligible predation impact on the M. leidyi population. Our present understanding of the many biological and environmental factors that control the species composition, abundance and predation impact of jellyfish and ctenophore populations in Limfjorden are discussed. It is concluded that there are many unsolved questions, e.g. how gelatinous predation of zooplankton may reinforce anoxia and further habitat degradation in eutrophicated waters.
Highlights
Marine areas experiencing jellyfish and ctenophore blooms seem often to be those that reveal the greatest environmental degradation [1,2]
The abundance and predation impact of jellyfish and ctenophores in Limfjorden have been described in a number of studies conducted since 2003 [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] and recently reviewed [11] which was supplemented with observations from 2012 and 2013
The population dynamics of A. aurita are strongly influenced by the high-salinity water brought into Limfjorden from the North Sea, and by competition with the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi that occurred in Limfjorden for the first time in extremely high numbers in 2007 [12]
Summary
Marine areas experiencing jellyfish and ctenophore blooms seem often to be those that reveal the greatest environmental degradation [1,2]. The abundance and predation impact of jellyfish and ctenophores in Limfjorden have been described in a number of studies conducted since 2003 [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] and recently reviewed [11] which was supplemented with observations from 2012 and 2013. The common jellyfish Aurelia aurita is often very abundant in Limfjorden and may exert a considerable predatory impact on zooplankton and fish larvae. A recent study [11] reported on two bloom events of ctenophores, Pleurobrachia pileus and M. leidyi, along with their predators (Beroe spp.) in Limfjorden in the autumns of 2012 and 2013, when the previously dominating A. aurita was absent. Further it was observed that B. ovata, which is M. leidyi’s native predator, had occurred as a new introduced species in Limfjorden
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