Jean-Luc Marion: Pengantar atas ‘Keterberian’ dan ‘Fenomen yang Melimpah’

Yulius Tandyanto

doi:10.26593/mel.v30i2.1288.169-191

Abstract

<p>For some contemporary thinkers, traditional and modern metaphysical systems were not considered as an adequate account, for they might have abolished the ontological difference. Such circumstances might have taken place because metaphysics was thought of as circumscribing by considering the whatness of any phenomena in form of, or oder of, the same, i.e. substance, essence or first cause. Jean-Luc Marion moves further and suggests phenomenological accounts that culminate in the givenness and the saturated phenomenon – ideas which open the possibilites to overcome the inadequacy of metaphysics. With the phenomenological third reduction, Marion shows that givenness already presents itself which is anterior to the dichotomy between essence and existence. This phenomenology of givenness enables phenomena to appear by itself in the saturated phenomena. In a paradoxical way, he shows that the constituting subject had already been constituted. Phenomenology, therefore, allows the subject to describe any phenomena in the form of, or order of, the other such as Marion proposed. Considering the contexts, this article may serve as an introduction to the notion of givenness and the saturated phenomenon.</p>

Highlights

For some contemporary thinkers, traditional and modern metaphysical systems were not considered as an adequate account, for they might have abolished the ontological difference
Jean-Luc Marion moves further and suggests phenomenological accounts that culminate in the givenness and the saturated phenomenon – ideas which open the possibilites to overcome the inadequacy of metaphysics
With the phenomenological third reduction, Marion shows that givenness already presents itself which is anterior to the dichotomy between essence and existence

Summary

Teologis Fenomenologis

Dapat disimpulkan bahwa baik Nietzsche, Heidegger, Lévinas, dan Derrida memperlihatkan bahwa metafisika Barat modern tidak lagi memiliki penjelasan yang memadai karena terlalu berpusat pada subjek. “Karena itu, tidak ada yang lain selain satu tema: jika fenomen didefinisikan sebagai apa yang memperlihatkan dirinya di dalam dan dari dirinya (Heidegger)—alih-alih sebagai objek yang memerlukan konstitusi (Husserl), maka diri tersebut dapat dibuktikan sejauh fenomen memberikan dirinya. Suatu fenomenyang-terberi-secara-mutlak bukan disebabkan oleh penampakannya belaka, tetapi karena telah direduksi.[34] Dengan kata lain, hanya reduksilah yang dapat memberikan akses pada keterberian mutlak. Sebaliknya, Marion akan menawarkan suatu hipotesis bahwa fenomen yang tak bersyarat dan yang tak dapat direduksi hanya mungkin apabila intuisi bersifat tak terbatas—sehingga menjamin keterberian fenomen bersangkutan. Hal ini dimungkinkan karena bagi Marion fenomen yang melimpah bersifat menakjubkan, menyilaukan, melampaui cakrawala pandang apa pun, dan tak dapat dikonstitusi oleh subjek.[46]. Berdasarkan deskripsi tersebut dan penelaahan Marion mengenai fenomena, setidaknya terdapat tiga jenis fenomena yang dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan muatan intuisinya (lihat Tabel 2)

Fenomena yang

Ego Subjek