Jasmonates, Ethylene and Brassinosteroids Control Adventitious and Lateral Rooting as Stress Avoidance Responses to Heavy Metals and Metalloids.

Diego Piacentini,Camilla Betti,Giuseppina Falasca,Federica Della Rovere,Maria Maddalena Altamura,Laura Fattorini

doi:10.3390/biom11010077

Diego Piacentini, Camilla Betti + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11010077

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Journal: Biomolecules	Publication Date: Jan 8, 2021
Citations: 41	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: Sapienza University of Rome, University of Perugia

Abstract

Developmental and environmental signaling networks often converge during plant growth in response to changing conditions. Stress-induced hormones, such as jasmonates (JAs), can influence growth by crosstalk with other signals like brassinosteroids (BRs) and ethylene (ET). Nevertheless, it is unclear how avoidance of an abiotic stress triggers local changes in development as a response. It is known that stress hormones like JAs/ET and BRs can regulate the division rate of cells from the first asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) in meristems, suggesting that stem cell activation may take part in developmental changes as a stress-avoidance-induced response. The root system is a prime responder to stress conditions in soil. Together with the primary root and lateral roots (LRs), adventitious roots (ARs) are necessary for survival in numerous plant species. AR and LR formation is affected by soil pollution, causing substantial root architecture changes by either depressing or enhancing rooting as a stress avoidance/survival response. Here, a detailed overview of the crosstalk between JAs, ET, BRs, and the stress mediator nitric oxide (NO) in auxin-induced AR and LR formation, with/without cadmium and arsenic, is presented. Interactions essential in achieving a balance between growth and adaptation to Cd and As soil pollution to ensure survival are reviewed here in the model species Arabidopsis and rice.

Highlights

Developmental plasticity allows plants to colonize a wide range of different ecosystems by promoting adaptation through a convergence of developmental and environmental signaling networks
Cd affects the auxin-influx carrier OsAUX1 expression in adventitious roots (ARs) and lateral roots (LRs) in a different fashion, depending on the root type responding to Cd stress [51,52]
In Arabidopsis, interactions between BRs and ET have been reported in the regulation of root elongation with BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) activity resulting in an enhanced expression of ET biosynthesis genes, followed by an accumulation of ACC and an enhanced ET signaling [108]

Summary

Introduction

Developmental plasticity allows plants to colonize a wide range of different ecosystems by promoting adaptation through a convergence of developmental and environmental signaling networks. Recent advances in knowledge on lateral and adventitious rooting in Arabidopsis and rice are described here in response to the soil pollutants Cd and As. The two species were chosen because they are the most studied model plants from a molecular and genetic point of view, in dicots and monocots respectively. PIN1, which is considered the major non-redundant member of the family mediating the rootward auxin flow towards the QC [25,45] These results indicate that the two toxic elements act on every component of the Arabidopsis root system by altering auxin biosynthesis, level, and transport [16]. Cd affects the auxin-influx carrier OsAUX1 expression in ARs and LRs in a different fashion, depending on the root type responding to Cd stress [51,52]. Cd and As on auxin homeostasis in ARs and LRs of rice and Arabidopsis underlines important similarities and differences between the two plant species

Jasmonates and Ethylene Interact with Auxin in Changing the Root System under

Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Take Part in Root System Adaptations to

Conclusions and Perspectives