Japanese national policy towards the automobile

Abstract

This paper discusses Japanese policies to minimize the social costs of car use. The government has not been against the use of cars, but the cumulative effect of policies has been to discourage it. The background to policy is described: Japan's historical lack of roads for wheeled vehicles and the notion that private use of cars is luxurious and wasteful. Despite rapid motorization, vestiges of Japan's lack of experience with wheeled vehicles and the hesitancy of the Japanese to use the car like their American counterparts have created a particular attitude to it. In developing policies to reduce the social costs of car use, Japan has produced regulations over the years which affect the use and types of vehicles. Driver's licence tests are difficult and the prerequisite driving practice is expensive. These regulations present obstacles to potential users as well as improving safety standards. The vehicle inspection system also helps control the social cost of cars. Japan requires biennial inspection of private cars. The costs of this and standardization of testing have increased the cost of car ownership as well as ensuring proper safety and emission standards. Inspection discourages owners from holding onto vehicles for long periods, thus addressing the issues of safety, environment and energy by promoting newer, cleaner and more efficient vehicles. Taxation may also affect levels of use. Lower taxes for light vehicles may be one explanation of their popularity in Japan. In a country where space is at a premium, parking and garage regulations have been effective in controlling motor vehicle use. The availability and cost of parking in Japan is discussed, together with employee parking policies which provide a glimpse of the use of regulations to control commuter behaviour. However, to conclude that Japanese national policy simply has sought to limit car use would be incorrect. The popularity of cars has grown despite governmental policies and convenient public transport. What is commendable about national policy is that when policies to discourage use have not had the desired effect, complementary efforts have been made to resolve the problems. Traffic cells, street closures and pedestrian precincts in new suburban malls are examples of how Japanese society is seeking to live with the motor vehicle. (Author/TRRL)