Abstract

Since the 19th century, a Japanese garden as a cultural phenomenon with a millennium-old history of religion and philosophy-based landscaping art has been exported to different regions of the globe and built in countries far from the land of its origin. The article focuses on two aspects of Japanese gardens: the basic and more specific principles of planning and design of a traditional Japanese garden, and the related discourse of a tradition of exporting its planning and design cultural tradition outside of Japan. Based on analysed international examples of Japanese-style gardens, the specific traits of planning the landscape of these gardens were identified. The narrative of multiple psycho-emotional effects that these gardens have on their users and visitors is disclosed in correlation with the specific aspects of their planning and design. The culture of exporting a Japanese garden tradition overseas is discussed and the important principles for introducing a Japanese garden to a remote cultural context are spotlighted. The concluding remarks on the user-oriented culture of exporting a Japanese garden as a complete planning and design system of landscape architecture, reflect author’s aspiration to open a wider cross-professional discussion and research on the topic. Santrauka Japonijos sodai – tai tūkstantmetes tradicijas turintis filosofija ir religija grįstas kraštovaizdžio architektūros kultūrinis reiškinys, kurio pavyzdžiai nuo XIX a. yra eksportuojami ir įrengiami skirtinguose pasaulio regionuose. Kraštovaizdžio architektūros požiūriu straipsnyje nagrinėjami du Japonijos sodų aspektai: esminiai šių sodų suplanavimo ir įrengimo principai bei specifiniai bruožai, taip pat Japonijos sodų meninės tradicijos eksporto ir sklaidos užsienyje klausimai. Visame pasaulyje garsių Japonijos sodų pavyzdžių apžvalga ir pasirinktų Baltijos jūros regiono pavyzdžių tyrimas atskleidžia esminius šių sodų suplanavimo principus, kurie sietini su lankytojams formuojamu psichologiniu emociniu poveikiu. Aptariant Japonijos sodų eksporto į kitus etninius ir geografinius regionus klausimus iškeliama jų integravimo į skirtingą kultūrinį kontekstą problema. Straipsnis apibendrinamas baigiamosiomis nuostatomis, kurios apibrėžia tolesnio Japonijos sodų meno diskurso lauką nuo vartotojo poreikių iki vientisos kraštovaizdžio sistemos eksporto galimybių, išreiškia autoriaus siekį atverti šia tema platesnį tyrimų ir diskusijų lauką.

Highlights

  • In today’s globalising world people are actively exchanging all types of products, knowledge and experience

  • The article focuses on two aspects of Japanese gardens: the basic and more specific principles of planning and design of a traditional Japanese garden, and the related discourse of a tradition of exporting its planning and design cultural tradition outside of Japan

  • As mentioned in the introductory part of the article, there are so many more questions than answers about a Japanese garden tradition seeded into local settings outside of Japan

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Summary

Introduction

In today’s globalising world people are actively exchanging all types of products, knowledge and experience. A Japanese garden is usually isolated: it is fenced and protected from the surrounding environment of a city, suburb or neighbourhood This has a symbolic meaning of entering a garden as a completely different natural and spiritual world. Planning a new Japanese garden, the primary issue is to set the basic concept of the garden with the help of different stakeholders: user communities and local authorities, land owners and service providers, in order to define the main functional idea, which should be realised: should an educationally cognitive, a recreational, a cultural or the other type of a garden be planned?. The permanently living result, its flavour and attractiveness depend on the way the garden is used In this space and place, which is globally known as a Japanese garden, the local garden culture is shaped in time by neighbourhood communities and visitors. Existing Japanese gardens have to withstand the test of time, enduring physically and morally, i.e. continue being used for reasons they were built despite of changing outlooks and preferences of people (Tscumi, Wernli 2005)

Concluding remarks for the permanent discourse
Stauskis
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