Janus fibre/sponge composite combined with IOPNs promotes haemostasis and efficient reconstruction in oral guided bone regeneration

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Placing a barrier membrane between an alveolar bone wound and gingival soft tissue is a common and effective method to prevent fibroblast invasion and promote new bone formation. However, the combined use of a barrier membrane with bone-forming substitutes remains a challenge for dentists during surgery. Thus, a Janus fibre/sponge composite combining iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs, γ-Fe2O3) was fabricated to prevent epithelial invasion and promote alveolar reconstruction. In the scaffold, a poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/polycaprolactone (PP) electrospun layer was covalently bound with a chitosan sponge containing γ-Fe2O3 by polydopamine. The resilient chitosan sponge can easily adhere to the wound surface and encompass haemostatic capability by swelling and forming blood clots to block bleeding. The introduction of IONPs promoted the osteogenesis of rBMSCs, as shown by ALP analysis and cytokine assay. The PP layer maintained its structure integrity and prevented epithelial cells from invading into blood clots or fibroblasts from penetrating through the critical pore size. Assessment with a rat model having one-sided calvarial bone injury further confirmed the effectiveness of Janus scaffolds in facilitating the bone regeneration in the postoperative areas.