Abstract
The term confessional has earned widespread skepticism: as a generic term, it is mainly misleading.2 Yet it would be hard to trace the development of recent American poetry without reference to the influence of Allen Ginsberg's Howl (1956), Robert Lowell's Life Studies (1959), W. D. Snodgrass' Heart's Needle (1960), and the poems collected in Sylvia Plath's Ariel (1966). Whatever claims may be made on behalf of confessional poetry, it is plain that these books all contributed to the reinstatement of two closely related literary conventions: the notion that poems originate in their subject matter, and the corollary that poets mean, at least literally, what they say. These are of course not facts about literature (nor even about these four books) but conventions, rhetorical rules whereby poems
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