Jacques-Louis David

Abstract

Jacques-Louis David (b. 1748–d. 1825) was the most famous and influential artist of his time in France and one of the most eminent throughout Europe. His career spanned several tumultuous political regimes, including the ancien régime, the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Empire, and the Bourbon Restoration (when he was exiled to Brussels). David’s most famous works include The Oath of the Horatii (1784–1785), The Death of Socrates (1787), The Loves of Paris and Helen (1788–1789), The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons (1789), The Death of Marat (1793), The Sabine Women (1799), Leonidas at Thermopylae (1814), The Coronation of Napoleon and Josephine (1805–1807), Amor and Psyche (1817), and The Anger of Achilles (1819). His brilliant and psychologically penetrating portraits include Antoine-Laurent and Marie-Anne Lavoisier (1788), Madame Recamier (1800), Napoleon in His Study (1812), and Sièyes (1817). David’s drawings are also a fascinating and very significant facet of his art. David had a large number of students, some of whom became famous artists in the nineteenth century, including Gérard, Girodet, Gros, and Ingres. The David historiography is vast. Writings about the artist and his work began in the late eighteenth century and continue up until the early twenty-first century. His critical fortunes constitute a fascinating history in itself. Certain periods evinced an enthusiastic engagement with the artist and a renewal of interest in his art. One such period characterized by a very considerable number of publications began circa 1980 and continues through the early twenty-first century. Monographs, surveys, exhibition catalogs, and a large number of articles were published during this period that signaled great vitality and launched new directions in David studies. Several major lacunas remain to be filled in the David historiography. One is the absence of a catalogue raisonné of the artist’s painted oeuvre. Another significant gap concerns his correspondence, which has never been compiled. Also needed is a compilation of the artist’s discourses written during the Revolutionary years up through the Directory, including his writings concerning the Revolutionary funerals and festivals, his commissioned paintings during this period, and other initiatives. The major retrospective David exhibition held in the Louvre in 1989 and its accompanying catalog contributed significantly to inspiring subsequent generations of David scholars. The large conference that accompanied the opening of the exhibition led to the publication of the proceedings in two volumes in 1993. In 2005, another significant exhibition of David’s work, this time focusing on his 19th-century production, was organized by the J. Paul Getty Museum; this exhibition traveled to the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, where another major David conference was organized. The conference proceedings were published in 2007. Since the 1990s, major new directions in the David historiography include the use of methodologies developed in literary studies as well as related humanities and social science disciplines. Thus, we see the methods of semiotics, structuralism, deconstruction, and psychoanalytical theory applied to analyses of David’s oeuvre. These directions, along with more traditional, historical approaches, reveal the extent to which David’s art serves as a signpost not only for the history of French art and culture circa 1800 but for its importance in the modern world.