Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is an exogenous betarerovirus that causes a contagious form of lung cancer in sheep termed ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). OPA is derived from oncogenically transformed secretory lung epithelial cells, type II pneumocytes, and Clara cells located in the distal airways. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that the envelope protein (Env) is an oncogene because its expression alone can transform cells in culture and induce tumors in animals. Model systems to study Env transformation and mechanisms of transformation are discussed. Although JSRV can infect numerous cell types, pathology is largely restricted to the lung because the viral LTR is only transcriptionally active in differentiated airway epithelial cells. The transcriptional specificity of the JSRV LTR and its role in disease outcome are discussed. Sheep contain endogenous copies of JSRV, some of which are important in embryonic development (placentation), and others serve as restriction factors for exogenous JSRV infections.
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