Ixodid-host immune interaction. Identification and characterization of relevant antigens and tick-induced host immunosuppression

Abstract

Ixidid ticks are the most important vectors of pathogens to domestic and wild animals. It is established that cattle and laboratory animal species acquire resistance to tick infestation; acquired resistance has an immunological basis consisting of cell-mediated, antibody-mediated and complement-dependent effector mechanisms. Even though acquired resistance to tick feeding is expressed, host immune competence is possibly impaired during the course of tick feeding. Ixodid-induced transient immunosuppression could possibly facilitate the transmission of vector-borne pathogens and/or enhance tick feeding capabilities in the presence of a host immune response to the hematophagous arthropod. Tick tissue extracts have been used to artificially induce resistance to ixodid feeding, and this has become an area of increasing interest as a possible strategy for tick control. It is essential to have defined antigenic molecules for analysis of host responses to infestation, characterization of immunopathologic processes and for vaccine development. This report focuses on attempts to identify, characterize and isolate tick immunogens. Protein immunoblotting, utilizing sera from animals of different genetic composition and infestation patterns, was used to detect a number of tick polypeptides which are reactive with sera of infested hosts. It is clear that infestation with one ixodid species stimulates antibodies reactive with molecules derived from the sensitizing species and/or tick species in the same genus or different genera. This approach is used to identify molecules that are good candidates for use in immunization studies and for analysis of mechanisms involved in acquisition and expression of resistance to tick feeding.