Abstract
Itraconazole is as an antifungal medication used to treat systemic fungal infections. Recently, it has been reported to be effective in suppressing tumor growth by inhibiting the Hedgehog signaling pathway and angiogenesis. In the present study, we investigated whether itraconazole induces autophagy-mediated cell death of colon cancer cells through the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution of the colon cancer cell lines SW-480 and HCT-116 were detected by flow cytometry and terminal TUNEL assay. Autophagy and signal proteins were detected by western blotting and cell proliferation-associated antigen Ki-67 was measured using immunohistochemistry. The images of autophagy flux and formation of autophagosomes were observed by laser scanning confocal and/or transmission electron microscopy. Colon cancer cell xenograft mouse models were also established. Itraconazole treatment inhibited cell proliferation via G1 cell cycle arrest as well as autophagy-mediated apoptosis of SW-480 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells. In addition, the Hedgehog pathway was found to be involved in activation of itraconazole-mediated autophagy. After using the Hedgehog agonist recombinant human Sonic Hedgehog (rhshh), itraconazole could counteract the activation of rhshh. Moreover, treatment with itraconazole produced significant cancer inhibition in HCT-116-bearing mice. Thus, itraconazole may be a potential and effective therapy for the treatment of colon cancer.
Highlights
Colorectal cancer is a common tumor of the gastrointestinal tract ranking fourth and fifth in developed and developing countries respectively[1]
Itraconazole inhibited colonic cancer cell growths in vitro and in vivo First, we studied the potential anticancer activity of itraconazole by measuring cell growth of SW-480, HCT116 and HT-29 human colon cancer cell lines
The colony formation assay demonstrated that itraconazole had a significant inhibitory effect on colonic cancer cells and colony numbers in cells exposed to itraconazole were markedly lower (Fig. 1e, f)
Summary
Colorectal cancer is a common tumor of the gastrointestinal tract ranking fourth and fifth in developed and developing countries respectively[1]. Because the efflux ability of the P-glycoprotein transporter enhances the sensitivity of chemotherapy[8,9], a clinical retrospective study showed that in patients with ovarian cancer who were treated with platinum and taxane therapy combined with itraconazole, progression-free survival and overall survival times for patients were 103 and 642 days vs 53 days and 139 days for platinum and taxane therapy alone[10]. This result suggested that itraconazole increased the chemosensitivity of cells to platinum and taxane
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