Abstract
Dental trauma is a frequent occurrence in children and adolescent and a correct diagnosis and treatment are essential for a favourable long-term prognosis. The present Guidelines aim to formulate evidence-based recommendations to assist dentists, paediatricians, surgeons, teachers, school and sport staff, parents in the prevention and first aid of dental trauma in children and to provide a careful assessment of the medico-legal implications, reviewing the first draft of the guidelines published in 2012. A multidisciplinary panel on the behalf of the Italian Ministry of Health and in collaboration with the WHO Collaborating Centre for Epidemiology and Community Dentistry of Milan, developed this document. The following four queries were postulated: 1) Which kind of precautions the health personnel, parents, sports and educational personnel must activate in order to prevent the dental trauma damage? 2) How an orofacial trauma in paediatric patients should be managed either in the Emergency Care Unit and/or in private dental office? 3) What criteria should be adopted by a dentist private practitioner to fill in a certificate in cases of dental and/or tempomandibular joint trauma occurring in children and adolescents? 4) What are the elements that should lead clinicians to suspect a non-accidental dental trauma? A systematic review and analysis of the scientific literature published in English, Italian and French from 2007 to 2017 regarding dental trauma in children and adolescents aged 0–18 years was performed, and about 100 papers were analysed and included. The following four domains were analysed and discussed: Dental Trauma Prevention Strategies and Health Education, First aid in orofacial and dental trauma, Certificate of the dental trauma, Oral and dental signs of child abuse and neglect. Twenty-eight recommendations were draw up and codified by the panel according to the Methodological handbook, produced by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità, in order to guide physicians in the prevention and first aid of dental trauma in children and adolescents. In addition, a careful assessment of the medico-legal implications is reported in this document.
Highlights
IntroductionEpidemiological studies show that overall, the incidence/ year of dental trauma stands at 4.5%: approximately a third of children and toddlers and a quarter of adolescents and adults [10]
Epidemiological studies show that overall, the incidence/ year of dental trauma stands at 4.5%: approximately a third of children and toddlers and a quarter of adolescents and adults [10].The prevalence of dental trauma varies from 6.1 to 62.1% in pre-school children and from 5.3 to 21% in schoolchildren [11].Traumatic events responsible for dental trauma can be found at home [2, 12, 13], at school [14] in sports setting [15] and during free-time activities.Specific traumatic events to the maxillofacial region can occur in public places.Prevention Observational studies have suggested that dental trauma can cause pain, functional impairment and aesthetic problem, with physical, emotional and social consequences for children and their families
In Article 24 of the new Italian ELA (Essential Levels of Assistance) regarding “Social and health assistance to minors, to women, couples, families “, provision is made that, in the context of district, domiciliary and territorial assistance, the National Health Service guarantees to women, children, couples and families all services, including home care, medical, diagnostic and therapeutic assistance
Summary
In recent years there has been an increase in reports of minors in conditions of hardship and/or complaints against adults who are perpetrators of violence [83]. In Article 24 of the new Italian ELA (Essential Levels of Assistance) regarding “Social and health assistance to minors, to women, couples, families “, provision is made that, in the context of district, domiciliary and territorial assistance, the National Health Service guarantees to women, children, couples and families all services, including home care, medical, diagnostic and therapeutic assistance These services are necessary and appropriate in different areas of activities, which include: prevention, evaluation, assistance and psychological support for minors in situations of hardship, in state of neglect or victims of abuse as well as the psychological and social support to family units in conditions of hardship including evaluation and psychological support for couples and minors for family custody and adoption. The eyes should be inspected for the presence of periocular bruising and the nose for the detection of septal deviations or blood clots
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