Abstract
“Classical Learning” (kogaku 古学) refers to the direct study of ancient Confucianism in Japan. The Classical Learning school typically refers to the circles of Itō Jinsai 伊藤仁斎 (1627–1705), Yamaga Sokō 山鹿素行 (1622–85), Ogyū Sorai 荻生徂徠 (1666–1728), and their students. During the Tokugawa period, classicists criticized such Neo-Confucian trends as Zhu Xi rationalism 朱子学 and Wang Yangming idealism 陽明学 and sought to return to the ancient, original Confucianism 儒学. 1
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