Abstract
With an extensive growth in user demand for high throughput, large capacity, and low latency, the ongoing deployment of Fifth-Generation (5G) systems is continuously exposing the inherent limitations of the system, as compared with its original premises. Such limitations are encouraging researchers worldwide to focus on next-generation 6G wireless systems, which are expected to address the constraints. To meet the above demands, future radio network architecture should be effectively designed to utilize its maximum radio spectrum capacity. It must simultaneously utilize various new techniques and technologies, such as Carrier Aggregation (CA), Cognitive Radio (CR), and small cell-based Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet), high-spectrum access (mmWave), and Massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (M-MIMO), to achieve the desired results. However, the concurrent operations of these techniques in current 5G cellular networks create several spectrum management issues; thus, a comprehensive overview of these emerging technologies is presented in detail in this study. Then, the problems involved in the concurrent operations of various technologies for the spectrum management of the current 5G network are highlighted. The study aims to provide a detailed review of cooperative communication among all the techniques and potential problems associated with the spectrum management that has been addressed with the possible solutions proposed by the latest researches. Future research challenges are also discussed to highlight the necessary steps that can help achieve the desired objectives for designing 6G wireless networks.
Highlights
Given the exponential increase in high-definition multimedia applications, the simultaneous communication among various connected devices with new features, and the massive user demandElectronics 2020, 9, 1416; doi:10.3390/electronics9091416 www.mdpi.com/journal/electronicsElectronics 2020, 9, 1416 for data, the mobile data traffic must be boosted by 1000× [1]
The future 6G is a set of technologies that can deliver the optimum results in terms of throughput, network capacity, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, lower power consumption, and latency, ensuring fairness among all the users, especially the cell-edge users [74]
The results have shown that spectral efficiency is significantly improved, and the design condition is dependent on the number of antennas at the Base Stations (BSs) and pilot reuse factor
Summary
Given the exponential increase in high-definition multimedia applications, the simultaneous communication among various connected devices with new features, and the massive user demand. NR is a combination of various radio access technologies that help supply expected data with low latency, high-spectrum efficiency, and low power consumption [7] It is broadly classified as low-power small cells utilizing the millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum, considering effective use of an unlicensed spectrum of Wi-Fi in a 5 GHz band and the implementation of Massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (M-MIMO) technology instead of the conventional 2 × 2 MIMO system [8]. Conventional MIMO is equipped with two to four antennas, whereas M-MIMO can use tens and hundreds of antennas for the simultaneous transmission and reception of multiple signals over the same channel [54] This method greatly boosts the network capacity and accommodates the maximum number of users and devices on the same frequency band, thereby reducing the usage of spectra. The future 6G is a set of technologies that can deliver the optimum results in terms of throughput, network capacity, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, lower power consumption, and latency, ensuring fairness among all the users, especially the cell-edge users [74]
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