Issues and Challenges for Transit-Oriented Development in the Scenario of a Developing Country: The Case of Kolkata Metropolitan Area, India

Abstract

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is a well-acknowledged strategy to integrate land use and transportation for sustainable urban development. Discourse on TOD characteristically upholds its promise for creation of high-density, compact, and mixed-use developments, supported by public transits to minimise dependence on private vehicles and thus to reduce sprawl, congestion, and pollution. Conversely, several scholars cautioned that the absence of enabling circumstances would turn TODs into Transit Adjacent Developments (TADs), significantly swayed away from the goal of sustainable urban development.