Abstract
Cover caption: On January 7th 2014, the Sun erupted with an X1.2 solar flare and an associated coronal mass ejection (CME). This initial coronal structure, seen as magnetic loops just south of solar disc center, protruded well above the solar surface. These field loops are seen using three overlaid wavelength channels from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) spacecraft (17.1, 19.3, 21.1 nm on AIA instrument). The loop structures are anchored in concentrated magnetic structures on the solar surface (blue and green highlights seen using SDO's Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager instrument). The CME arrived at Earth roughly two days later, but did not cause a magnetic storm because the vertical magnetic field carried in the CME was aligned with Earth's magnetic field. Generally magnetic storms develop when the vertical fields are antialigned. See Savani et al. [DOI: 10.1002/2015SW001171] on pp 374–385.
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