Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the second Palestinian intifada and the Israeli response. Though Arafat had not ordered the intifada, it is likely that as he gained control he allowed it to continue, having reason to believe it might lead to Israeli concessions. The previous pattern of Israeli concessions only under duress is described. However, this time Palestinian terrorism hardened Israeli resistance to compromise. The Israeli occupation of Gaza is discussed, along with the development of Palestinian resistance and its repression by Israel, not only of Palestinian violence but nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience as well. The rise of Hamas is discussed. In its early years, Hamas was clearly a highly anti-Semitic and terrorist organization. However, at the end of the 1990s, Hamas began a gradual and inconsistent but nonetheless significant shift away from terrorism and toward a de facto acceptance of a two-state settlement. .
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