Abstract
The thermal, hydrogeological, and chemical processes affecting Kamchatka geothermal reservoirs were studied by using isotope and geochemistry data: (1) The Geysers Valley hydrothermal reservoirs; (2) The Paratunsky low temperature reservoirs; (3) The North-Koryaksky hydrothermal system; (4) The Mutnovsky high temperature geothermal reservoir; (5) The Pauzhetsky geothermal reservoir. In most cases water isotope in combination with Cl- transient data are found to be useful tool to estimate reservoirs natural and disturbed by exploitation recharge conditions, isotopes of carbon-13 (in CO2) data are pointed either active magmatic recharge took place, while SiO2 and Na-K geothermometers shows opposite time transient trends (Paratunsky, Geysers Valley) suggest that it is necessary to use more complicated geochemical systems of water/mineral equilibria.
Highlights
Active pore space limitation mass transport velocities are typically greater than heat transport velocities
A local TOUGH2 model of the Velikan geyser is developed and is successfully calibrated against temperature observations at both mid-height and base of the Velikan Geyser conduit, which indicates the essential role of CO2 in the geyser functionality
Temperature logging in the geysers Velikan (1994, 2007, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018) and Bolshoy (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018) conduits shows pre-eruption temperatures below boiling at the corresponding hydrostatic pressure, which means the partial pressure of CO2 and other non-condensable gases creating gas-lift upflow conditions in geyser conduits
Summary
Active pore space limitation mass transport velocities are typically greater than heat transport velocities. That is a fundamental reason why changes in the isotope and chemistry parameters of geofluids are faster than changes in the heat properties of producing geothermal reservoirs, which makes them pre-cursors to production parameter changes. In cases of inactive to rock chemical species, they can be used as tracers of fluid flow and boundary condition estimation. Chemical equilibriums between rocks, water and gas phases yield reliable chemical signatures of temperature and phase saturation parameters of geothermal reservoirs and internal condition estimation. A gas partial pressure rise reduces the boiling temperature, which may switch reservoirs into two-phase conditions and cycling
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