Abstract
This study presents a method for calibrating the isotope ratios of the total carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in particulate matter (PM) collected from the Seoul metro using an elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). Mixtures of isotope reference materials (MRMs) from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reference materials formed an input dataset for generalized least squares (GLS) regression to yield calibration lines. The analytical method proposed in this study enabled the measurement of stable isotope ratios of total carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur simultaneously. Results showed good linearity and repeatability for carbon and nitrogen isotopes, but poor results for sulfur isotopes due to peak broadening. Reference values with uncertainties for the isotope ratios of total carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur were determined for the collected PM, demonstrating twice as much uncertainty as that of the USGS and IAEA reference materials. Homogeneity was the biggest uncertainty source for the calibrated values.
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