Abstract
As is well - known isotopes of a given element have identical numbers of protons but differ in the number of neutrons making up their nuclei. Particularly, in crystalline solids, this difference in nuclear mass most directly affects vibrational phenomena, i.e. phonon frequencies and all phonon - related properties. These include exciton binding energy, electronic band gaps, lattice constant, local and crystalline vibrational modes, self - diffu- sion in bulk material as well as isotope superlattices (see, e.g. reviews (1, 2)). The experience of the past shows that throughout constant technology improvement electronics(optoelectroelectronics)has become more reliable, faster, more powerful, and less expensive by reducing the dimensions of integrated circuits. These advantages are the driver for the development of modern microelectronics. The long - term goal of this development will lead to na- noelectronics. Advancing to the nanoscale is not just a step toward miniaturization, but requires the introduction and consideration of many additional phenomena. at the nanoscale, most phenomena and processes are dominated by quantum physics and they exhibit unique behavior. Nanotechnology includes the integration of man - made nanostructures into large material components of system (see, e.g. (3, 4)). Nanoscience and nanotechnology are concerned with materials, structures and systems whose components exhibit novel and significantly modified phys- ical, chemical properties due to the nanoscale sizes. New direction of nanosciene is isotopetronics, who is studied the more low - dimensional size, as a rule the sizes of the sample of isotopetronis compare to the atomic size. Over the last five decades the large number of experimental and theoretical studies of isotopetronics have created the new branch of material science, which is called the isotope - based material science. Isotopetronics may find applications in quantum computing, nanoscience and spintronics. This review contains a brief introduction to the isotope - based material science.
Highlights
Most of physical properties of solid depend on its isotopic composition in some way or another
A comparative study of the temperature and isotopic shift of the edge of fundamental absorption for a large number of different semiconducting and insulating crystals indicates that the main contribution to this shift comes from zero oscillations whose magnitude may be quite considerable and comparable with the energy of LO phonons
The theoretical description of the experimentally observed dependence of the binding energy of the Wannier-Mott exciton EB on the nuclear mass requires the simultaneous consideration of the exchange of LO phonons between the electron and hole in the exciton, and the separate interactions of carriers with LO phonons
Summary
Most of physical properties of solid depend on its isotopic composition in some way or another. The results of experimental and theoretical studies of the fundamental properties of the objects of research that earlier were in accessible (naturally with exception of LiHxD1−x crystals) briefly are presented in the reviews [1, 2, 19] The use of such objects allows the investigation of the isotope effects in lattice dynamics (elastic, thermal and vibrational properties) and the influence of such effects on the electronic states via electron-phonon coupling (the renormalization of the band-to-band transition energy Eg, the exciton binding energy EB and the size of the longitudinal-transverse splitting ∆LT ). A comparative study of the temperature and isotopic shift of the edge of fundamental absorption for a large number of different semiconducting and insulating crystals indicates that the main (but not the only) contribution to this shift comes from zero oscillations whose magnitude may be quite considerable and comparable with the energy of LO phonons. Different characteristics depending on the isotope effect is formed the essence of the isotope - based material science
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