Abstract
The thermal and catalytic conversion processes of alternative feedstocks (e.g., waste and biomass) to different engine fuels can result in the formation of a significant amount of light hydrocarbons as by-products in the boiling range of gasoline. The properties of these C5/C6 hydrocarbons need to be improved due to many reasons, e.g., their benzene content, and/or poor oxidation stability (high olefin content) and low octane number (<60). The aim of the research work was to increase the octane number of benzene containing C5/C6 bioparaffin fractions by catalytic isomerization. These by-products were obtained from special hydrocracking of waste cooking oil to hydrocarbons in the boiling range of aviation turbine fuels (JET fuels)/diesel fuels. Experiments were carried out in a reactor system containing down-flow tubular reactors over Pt/Al2O3/Cl and Pt/H-Mordenite/Al2O3 catalysts at 115–145 °C and 230–270 °C, respectively. Based on the results obtained at different process parameter combinations, it was concluded that the hydrogenation of benzene was complete over both catalysts, and the liquid yields were higher (ca. 98% > ca. 93 %) in the case of Pt/Al2O3/Cl. In addition, the octane number was also enhanced (ca. 32 > ca. 27 unit) in the products compared to the feedstock. This was because a higher isoparaffin content can be obtained at a lower operating temperature. Moreover, cracking side reactions take place to a lesser extent. The utilization of these isomerized bio-origin light fractions can contribute to the competitiveness of second-generation biofuels.
Highlights
The energy demand of the world is continuously increasing due to new industrial developments and population growth [1]
Catalysts and the optimal process parameter combinations for the quality improvement of biogasoline fractions were determined based on preliminary experimental results to obtain the most favorable experimental results
“A” over the Pt/Al2 O3 /Cl catalyst was higher than 99.3% in every case
Summary
The energy demand of the world is continuously increasing due to new industrial developments and population growth [1]. Internal combustion engines with different operation principles will remain the main form of propulsion for terrestrial, air, and maritime transportation in the 20–30 years. Hydrocarbons as engine fuels for internal combustion engines will continue to play an important role as demonstrated in Figures 1 and 2a,b [2]. The proportion of gasoline will decrease slightly, but will still account for a one-third share in 2040. This decrease is due to the better fuel economy and the spread of electric vehicles [3] (Figure 3). Contrary to forecasts, electric vehicles cannot spread as rapidly as expected, due to reasons such as availability of raw materials, recycling, sustainability, etc
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